Physics 111-Lab Wiki - Recent changes [en]

Optical Pumping

KamBiuLuk — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 23:58:27 GMT

Experimental Procedure:

Theory and Background

Slu113 — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 21:56:29 GMT

Prerequiste Reading Materials:

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:56, 3 September 2010
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	9. I. Feister, "[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/BRA/07-Numerical_Evaluation_of_the_Fermi_Beta-Distribution_Function.pdf Numerical Evaluation of the Fermi Beta-Distribution Function]", Physical Review 78, 4 (1950) ‡\*.		9. I. Feister, "[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/BRA/07-Numerical_Evaluation_of_the_Fermi_Beta-Distribution_Function.pdf Numerical Evaluation of the Fermi Beta-Distribution Function]", Physical Review 78, 4 (1950) ‡\*.

-	10. L.R.B. Elton, "[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/BRA/~~Nuclear~~%20Theory%20Ch.%209%20Beta%20Decay.pdf Chapter 9: Beta Ray Theory]", Introductory Nuclear Theory, 2nd ed.; 1966, W.B. Saunders Company,PA;	+	10. L.R.B. Elton, "[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/BRA/Elton_Nuclear%20Theory%20Ch.%209%20Beta%20Decay.pdf Chapter 9: Beta Ray Theory]", Introductory Nuclear Theory, 2nd ed.; 1966, W.B. Saunders Company,PA;

	‡ Contained information on the Fermi-Kurie plots and calculations. The reprints are all available on-line from the [[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/ Physics 111-Lab Library Site]].		‡ Contained information on the Fermi-Kurie plots and calculations. The reprints are all available on-line from the [[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/ Physics 111-Lab Library Site]].

User:Slu113

DonaldJ — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 21:56:12 GMT

changed group membership for User:Slu113 from AdvancedF09 and Faculty to AdvancedF09, Faculty and Administrators

New page

Theory and Background

Slu113 — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 21:40:36 GMT

Prerequiste Reading Materials:

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:40, 3 September 2010
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	3. H. A. Bethe, [http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/BRA/05-Elementary_Nuclear_Theory.pdf Elementary Nuclear Theory].		3. H. A. Bethe, [http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/BRA/05-Elementary_Nuclear_Theory.pdf Elementary Nuclear Theory].

-	4. E. Segre. "[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/BRA/ch.%209%20beta%20decay.pdf Chapter 9: Beta Decay]." Nuclei and Particles: An Introduction to Nuclear and Subnuclear Physics, 2d Ed.	+	4. E. Segre. "[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/BRA/Segre%20OCR%20ch.%209%20beta%20decay.pdf Chapter 9: Beta Decay]." Nuclei and Particles: An Introduction to Nuclear and Subnuclear Physics, 2d Ed.

	5. M. Siegbahn, [http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/BRA/02-Beta_Ray_Spectrometer.pdf Beta and Gamma Spectroscopy], Ch. 3.‡		5. M. Siegbahn, [http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/BRA/02-Beta_Ray_Spectrometer.pdf Beta and Gamma Spectroscopy], Ch. 3.‡

-	6. K. S. Krane, [http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/BRA/03-Beta_Decay.pdf Nuclear Physics].	+	6. K. S. Krane,“[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/BRA/03-Beta_Decay.pdf Beta Decay].” Introductory Nuclear Physics, Chapter 9, pp.272-288. John Wiles and Sons., 1987.

	7. [http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Equipment_Manuals/RCA_PMT.pdf Photo-multiplier tube Handbook]‡ (Note this is a separate reprint booklet)		7. [http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Equipment_Manuals/RCA_PMT.pdf Photo-multiplier tube Handbook]‡ (Note this is a separate reprint booklet)

X-ray Crystallography

DonaldJ — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 21:16:57 GMT

Prerequisite Reading Materials:

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:16, 3 September 2010
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	View the [http://128.32.210.103/XRay.wmv X-Ray Crystallography Video], discuss the pre-lab questions with an instructor, and have the [[Media:XRA_SignOff.pdf\|(XRA_SignOff Sheet)]] signed. Note that parts of the video discuss a backscatter method ("back Laue photography") that we no longer use in this lab.		View the [http://128.32.210.103/XRay.wmv X-Ray Crystallography Video], discuss the pre-lab questions with an instructor, and have the [[Media:XRA_SignOff.pdf\|(XRA_SignOff Sheet)]] signed. Note that parts of the video discuss a backscatter method ("back Laue photography") that we no longer use in this lab.

-	=Prerequisite Reading Materials=	+	=Prerequisite X-Ray Reading Materials=
	# Cullity, B. D., Addison-Wesley, (1956) Book ''Elements of X-Ray Diffraction ''[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/XRA/ Cullity]		# Cullity, B. D., Addison-Wesley, (1956) Book ''Elements of X-Ray Diffraction ''[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/XRA/ Cullity]
	# Kittel, Book ''Introduction to Solid State Physics (4th Ed.)''		# Kittel, Book ''Introduction to Solid State Physics (4th Ed.)''

Rutherford Scattering

DonaldJ — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 21:16:15 GMT

Prerequisite Reading Materials:

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:16, 3 September 2010
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	View the [http://128.32.210.103/Ruth.wmv Rutherford Scattering video], discuss the pre-lab questions with an instructor, and have the [[Staff Sign-Off Sheet (RUT)]] signed.		View the [http://128.32.210.103/Ruth.wmv Rutherford Scattering video], discuss the pre-lab questions with an instructor, and have the [[Staff Sign-Off Sheet (RUT)]] signed.

-	=Prerequisite Reading Materials=	+	=Prerequisite Rutherford Reading Materials=

	Watch the video first! Then read reference 1.		Watch the video first! Then read reference 1.

Muon Lifetime

DonaldJ — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 21:15:33 GMT

Prerequisite Reading Materials:

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:15, 3 September 2010
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	View the [http://128.32.210.103/MUO.wmv Muon Lifetime video], discuss the pre-lab questions with an instructor, and have the [[Media:MUO_SignOff.pdf\|MUO Pre Lab Questions and Staff Sign Off Sheets]].....PRINT, FILL THIS OUT, get it signed, and Turn it in with your report.		View the [http://128.32.210.103/MUO.wmv Muon Lifetime video], discuss the pre-lab questions with an instructor, and have the [[Media:MUO_SignOff.pdf\|MUO Pre Lab Questions and Staff Sign Off Sheets]].....PRINT, FILL THIS OUT, get it signed, and Turn it in with your report.

-	=Prerequisite Reading Materials=	+	=Prerequisite Muon Reading Materials=

	# B. Rossi, ''Cosmic Rays'', McGraw Hill (1964). <br> ''History and background.''		# B. Rossi, ''Cosmic Rays'', McGraw Hill (1964). <br> ''History and background.''

Gamma-ray Spectroscopy

DonaldJ — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 21:14:53 GMT

Prerequiste Reading Materials:

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:14, 3 September 2010
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	View the [http://128.32.210.103/gamma.wmv Gamma Ray video], discuss the pre-lab questions with an instructor, print the [[Media:GMA_SignOff.pdf\|GMA Pre Lab Questions and Staff Sign Off Sheets]], FILL THEM OUT, sign them, and turn them in.		View the [http://128.32.210.103/gamma.wmv Gamma Ray video], discuss the pre-lab questions with an instructor, print the [[Media:GMA_SignOff.pdf\|GMA Pre Lab Questions and Staff Sign Off Sheets]], FILL THEM OUT, sign them, and turn them in.

-	=Prerequiste Reading Materials=	+	=Prerequiste Gamma Reading Materials=

	'''Index to the Prerequisite Reading Materia''' [http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/GMA/00_GMA_List.pdf]		'''Index to the Prerequisite Reading Materia''' [http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/GMA/00_GMA_List.pdf]

Compton Scattering

DonaldJ — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 21:12:58 GMT

Prerequisite Reading Materials:

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:12, 3 September 2010
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	View the [http://128.32.210.103/com.wmv Compton Scattering video], discuss the pre-lab questions with an instructor, and get the [[Media:COM_SignOff.pdf\|COM Pre Lab Questions and Staff Sign Off Sheets]].....PRINT, FILL THIS OUT, Turn it in signed.		View the [http://128.32.210.103/com.wmv Compton Scattering video], discuss the pre-lab questions with an instructor, and get the [[Media:COM_SignOff.pdf\|COM Pre Lab Questions and Staff Sign Off Sheets]].....PRINT, FILL THIS OUT, Turn it in signed.

-	=Prerequisite Reading Materials=	+	=Prerequisite Compton Reading Materials=

	'''Index to the Prerequisite Reading Material''' [http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/COM/00_COM_List.pdf]		'''Index to the Prerequisite Reading Material''' [http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/COM/00_COM_List.pdf]
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	5.† Goulding, "[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/COM/COM_Detectors/01-UCRL-16231.pdf Semiconductor Detectors for Nuclear Spectrometry]." UCRL-16231		5.† Goulding, "[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/COM/COM_Detectors/01-UCRL-16231.pdf Semiconductor Detectors for Nuclear Spectrometry]." UCRL-16231

-	6.† LBL-~~450~~: "[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/COM/03-Pulsed_Opto_Feedback_(LBL-540).pdf Pulsed Opto Feedback X-ray Spectrometer System Operating Manual and Description]."	+	6.† LBL-540: "[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/COM/03-Pulsed_Opto_Feedback_(LBL-540).pdf Pulsed Opto Feedback X-ray Spectrometer System Operating Manual and Description]."

	† These articles are contained in the 111 Lab Reprints (available in the Physics Library and online in the 111-Lab).		† These articles are contained in the 111 Lab Reprints (available in the Physics Library and online in the 111-Lab).

Optical Pumping

KamBiuLuk — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 21:03:07 GMT

Experimental Procedure:

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:03, 3 September 2010
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	#We will now attempt to roughly observe the variations in the opacity of Rubidium gas that occur when it is optically pumped and then hit by resonance frequency RF by applying a variable frequency signal. We will look at a wide range of frequencies so that we will be sure to see resonance effects for both isotopes.		#We will now attempt to roughly observe the variations in the opacity of Rubidium gas that occur when it is optically pumped and then hit by resonance frequency RF by applying a variable frequency signal. We will look at a wide range of frequencies so that we will be sure to see resonance effects for both isotopes.
	#*Connect the function output of the DS345 to the RF coils. Set the DS345 to output a 3 MHz sine wave with a 10 Hz, ramp function FM modulation. (Use the “Freq” button to set the carrier frequency to 3 MHz; use the “Rate” button to set the modulation frequency to 10 Hz.) Set the span of the modulation to a little less than twice the carrier frequency (5.9999 MHz). Try setting the DS 345 Span to 6 Mhz. Why does it give an error? See DS345 Manual: FM Modulation section. Connect the photo diode's output to the PRE-AMP and make sure the PRE-AMP settings are as specified before. Run the output of the PRE-AMP (the amplified photodiode output, see [[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/OPT/Photodiodes-10DP.pdf Photodiode Data Sheet]] for photodectector operation) to Ch.2 (Y) of the oscilloscope and keep Ch.1 (X) connected to the DS 345’s modulation output. Set the oscilloscope to X-Y mode. (See the Photodiode Data Sheet for details on the photodetector’s operation)		#*Connect the function output of the DS345 to the RF coils. Set the DS345 to output a 3 MHz sine wave with a 10 Hz, ramp function FM modulation. (Use the “Freq” button to set the carrier frequency to 3 MHz; use the “Rate” button to set the modulation frequency to 10 Hz.) Set the span of the modulation to a little less than twice the carrier frequency (5.9999 MHz). Try setting the DS 345 Span to 6 Mhz. Why does it give an error? See DS345 Manual: FM Modulation section. Connect the photo diode's output to the PRE-AMP and make sure the PRE-AMP settings are as specified before. Run the output of the PRE-AMP (the amplified photodiode output, see [[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/OPT/Photodiodes-10DP.pdf Photodiode Data Sheet]] for photodectector operation) to Ch.2 (Y) of the oscilloscope and keep Ch.1 (X) connected to the DS 345’s modulation output. Set the oscilloscope to X-Y mode. (See the Photodiode Data Sheet for details on the photodetector’s operation)
-	#*Turn on the HP E3615A DC power supply. (We want a DC field at this point; check that the field switch on the coil driver is off.) Set the coil current to one amp (1.0A). Use the Current knob on the Power Supply to adjust the current and the shunt to measure it. The '''shunt''' is a calibrated resistor and is temperature compensated. The voltage that develops across the shunt is 10mV per Amp of current through the coils. The Digital Volt meter reads the milivolt reading. (Note that there is a button on the front of the Digital Volt meter that changes the connections from front to rear of the unit.) This button should be in the front position. On the oscilloscope, you should see something like what is shown in figure 4. (You may see some 60 Hz noise in your signal; adjusting the connections may help minimize the problem.) Explain what you see. Make sure you understand what the scope, in X-Y mode, is showing. What do the axes represent? Make an approximate measurement of the two resonant frequencies. Again, keep in mind that the span gives the peak-peak frequency variation, so the modulation output should be varying from ~0 to ~6 MHz. If you set the Ch1 [X] scale to .5 V/div, then the signal sweeps out exactly ten divisions. Each division would then correspond to a change in frequency of 0.6 MHz, with the far left end of the range [corresponding to 0V] being at roughly 0 MHz. To get a more accurate measurement of the resonance peaks, adjust the carrier frequency of the FM and narrow the span. This can be done successively to yield a reasonably accurate result. Which resonance is stronger? Which isotope does this resonance correspond to (the natural abundances of the two isotopes might provide a clue)? This information can be found on the ~~nucleotide~~ chart. What happens to the signal as the temperature is varied? Do the relative strengths of each resonance change? Now try varying the current; go from zero to two amps in both the forward and reverse directions. What happens to the resonance frequencies and the size of the corresponding voltage changes? Are there any values of the coil current for which there is no resonance? What happens at zero current? Try adjusting the span, rate, and carrier frequency, and using a triangle rather than a ramp modulation.[[Image:OPTimage003.jpg\|thumb\|center\|220px\|'''Figure 4:''' Amplified photodiode signal with large span frequency modulation.]]	+	#*Turn on the HP E3615A DC power supply. (We want a DC field at this point; check that the field switch on the coil driver is off.) Set the coil current to one amp (1.0A). Use the Current knob on the Power Supply to adjust the current and the shunt to measure it. The '''shunt''' is a calibrated resistor and is temperature compensated. The voltage that develops across the shunt is 10mV per Amp of current through the coils. The Digital Volt meter reads the milivolt reading. (Note that there is a button on the front of the Digital Volt meter that changes the connections from front to rear of the unit.) This button should be in the front position. On the oscilloscope, you should see something like what is shown in figure 4. (You may see some 60 Hz noise in your signal; adjusting the connections may help minimize the problem.) Explain what you see. Make sure you understand what the scope, in X-Y mode, is showing. What do the axes represent? Make an approximate measurement of the two resonant frequencies. Again, keep in mind that the span gives the peak-peak frequency variation, so the modulation output should be varying from ~0 to ~6 MHz. If you set the Ch1 [X] scale to .5 V/div, then the signal sweeps out exactly ten divisions. Each division would then correspond to a change in frequency of 0.6 MHz, with the far left end of the range [corresponding to 0V] being at roughly 0 MHz. To get a more accurate measurement of the resonance peaks, adjust the carrier frequency of the FM and narrow the span. This can be done successively to yield a reasonably accurate result. Which resonance is stronger? Which isotope does this resonance correspond to (the natural abundances of the two isotopes might provide a clue)? This information can be found on the nuclide chart. What happens to the signal as the temperature is varied? Do the relative strengths of each resonance change? Now try varying the current; go from zero to two amps in both the forward and reverse directions. What happens to the resonance frequencies and the size of the corresponding voltage changes? Are there any values of the coil current for which there is no resonance? What happens at zero current? Try adjusting the span, rate, and carrier frequency, and using a triangle rather than a ramp modulation.[[Image:OPTimage003.jpg\|thumb\|center\|220px\|'''Figure 4:''' Amplified photodiode signal with large span frequency modulation.]]
	#In order to measure the resonance frequency more precisely, we will look at how the amplified light from the photodetector varies with a 60 Hz modulation in the magnetic field. That is, we will modulate the coil current and not the RF. Turn off the modulation on the DS345 (you may want to change the frequency of the carrier so it is closer to the resonance. The magnetic modulation does not cover as much as the RF modulation did so you might want to set the new frequency to a value that is close to the frequency value. But do not worry to much a rough estimate will work). Turn on field modulation by flipping the “Field” switch on the Coil Driver panel , and turn on the “Phase Out” output with the “Phase Switch.” Why do you think we use a 60 Hz modulation?		#In order to measure the resonance frequency more precisely, we will look at how the amplified light from the photodetector varies with a 60 Hz modulation in the magnetic field. That is, we will modulate the coil current and not the RF. Turn off the modulation on the DS345 (you may want to change the frequency of the carrier so it is closer to the resonance. The magnetic modulation does not cover as much as the RF modulation did so you might want to set the new frequency to a value that is close to the frequency value. But do not worry to much a rough estimate will work). Turn on field modulation by flipping the “Field” switch on the Coil Driver panel , and turn on the “Phase Out” output with the “Phase Switch.” Why do you think we use a 60 Hz modulation?
	#*Familiarize yourself with the Coil Driver panel. The PHASE ADJUST control on Coil Driver panel changes the phase of the modulation signal seen by the scope (the Phase Out signal) relative to the modulation signal seen by the rubidium sample (that is, the actual modulation in the coil current on whose phase the photo-detected signal should depend). To examine how it works, feed the Phase Out (field modulation) signal through the divide-by-ten attenuator to Ch 1 (X) of the oscilloscope and feed the amplified photodetector signal (the PRE-AMP output) to Ch 2 (Y). With the scope in Dual Trace Mode (Both Channels), trigger on EXT/Line Source (60 Hz PG&E power line) and set the time scale to around 2 msec/DIV. You may have to adjust the trigger Level knob to get a stable trace. Now change the phase with the Adjust knob: the modulation signal (Ch. 1) moves because we are changing its phase relative to the 60 Hz line signal that we are triggering on. The detected signal does not, though, because the Adjust knob does not change the phase of the signal that the sample sees.		#*Familiarize yourself with the Coil Driver panel. The PHASE ADJUST control on Coil Driver panel changes the phase of the modulation signal seen by the scope (the Phase Out signal) relative to the modulation signal seen by the rubidium sample (that is, the actual modulation in the coil current on whose phase the photo-detected signal should depend). To examine how it works, feed the Phase Out (field modulation) signal through the divide-by-ten attenuator to Ch 1 (X) of the oscilloscope and feed the amplified photodetector signal (the PRE-AMP output) to Ch 2 (Y). With the scope in Dual Trace Mode (Both Channels), trigger on EXT/Line Source (60 Hz PG&E power line) and set the time scale to around 2 msec/DIV. You may have to adjust the trigger Level knob to get a stable trace. Now change the phase with the Adjust knob: the modulation signal (Ch. 1) moves because we are changing its phase relative to the 60 Hz line signal that we are triggering on. The detected signal does not, though, because the Adjust knob does not change the phase of the signal that the sample sees.

Atomic Physics

Slu113 — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 19:38:25 GMT

Prerequisite Reading Materials:

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:38, 3 September 2010
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	'''Index to the 111-LAB Reprints:''' [http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/ATM/00_ATM_List.pdf ATM Reprints]		'''Index to the 111-LAB Reprints:''' [http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/ATM/00_ATM_List.pdf ATM Reprints]

-	1. Herzberg, Gerhard. ''[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/ATM/02-Atomic_Spectra_and_Atomic_Structure.pdf Atomic Spectra & Atomic Structure]'', Dower Publisher, 1944, New York. Preface pg. 1-257. \#QC451.H43; This is an old text, but gives a good perspective on how the theory developed.	+	1. Herzberg, Gerhard. ''[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/ATM/02-2ndEd-Atomic_Spectra_and_Atomic_Structure.pdf Atomic Spectra & Atomic Structure]'', Dower Publisher, 1944, New York. Preface pg. 1-257. \#QC451.H43; This is an old text, but gives a good perspective on how the theory developed.

	2. Scherberger, R.F. "[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/ATM/01-Ultraviolet_Radiation.pdf Ultraviolet Radiation, "Black" and Otherwise]", Eastman Organic Chemical Bulletin: vol. 49, No. 2, 1977, pp. 1-2.'''		2. Scherberger, R.F. "[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/ATM/01-Ultraviolet_Radiation.pdf Ultraviolet Radiation, "Black" and Otherwise]", Eastman Organic Chemical Bulletin: vol. 49, No. 2, 1977, pp. 1-2.'''

Error Analysis Notes

DonaldJ — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 18:23:29 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:23, 3 September 2010
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-	I. Error Analysis Notes	+	I. Error Analysis Exercise and Notes
-		+
	II. [http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/MatLab/ '''MatLab Scripts for curve fitting''']. If inside the Physics111 Library site GoTo Advanced Lab Reprints then click on MatLab folder.		II. [http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/MatLab/ '''MatLab Scripts for curve fitting''']. If inside the Physics111 Library site GoTo Advanced Lab Reprints then click on MatLab folder.

Main Page

DonaldJ — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 18:22:12 GMT

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	<center>[[Image:title1.jpg\|164x44px\|]][[Image:title2.jpg\|68x44px]][[Image:title3.jpg\|211x44px]][[Image:title4.jpg\|87x44px]]		<center>[[Image:title1.jpg\|164x44px\|]][[Image:title2.jpg\|68x44px]][[Image:title3.jpg\|211x44px]][[Image:title4.jpg\|87x44px]]

-	[http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~phylabs/ '''Physics 111-Lab Main Course Site''']</center>	+	[http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~phylabs/ '''Return to Physics 111-Lab Main Course Site''']</center>
	'''This site is mainly for the Physics 111 Advanced Lab write-ups at the University of California at Berkeley.'''		'''This site is mainly for the Physics 111 Advanced Lab write-ups at the University of California at Berkeley.'''
	Physics 111 Advanced Applied Laboratory is an intensive 3-unit laboratory course for 3rd- and 4th-year physics students at the [http://www.berkeley.edu/ University of California, Berkeley]. It follows the [http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~phylabs/bsc/ Physics 111 Basic Semiconductor Circuits course] , which introduces students to electronics and computerized data acquisition, signal processing, and control. With these tools, students in the [http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~phylabs/adv/ Advanced Lab section of Physics 111] undertake four experiments, each taking 2-4 weeks to perform. These experiments are selected by the students from the 20 plus experiments permanently set up in the lab to represent a wide range of topics and techniques in experimental physics. Many of the experiments replicate Nobel prize-winning studies and all are designed to develop skills essential in modern research.		Physics 111 Advanced Applied Laboratory is an intensive 3-unit laboratory course for 3rd- and 4th-year physics students at the [http://www.berkeley.edu/ University of California, Berkeley]. It follows the [http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~phylabs/bsc/ Physics 111 Basic Semiconductor Circuits course] , which introduces students to electronics and computerized data acquisition, signal processing, and control. With these tools, students in the [http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~phylabs/adv/ Advanced Lab section of Physics 111] undertake four experiments, each taking 2-4 weeks to perform. These experiments are selected by the students from the 20 plus experiments permanently set up in the lab to represent a wide range of topics and techniques in experimental physics. Many of the experiments replicate Nobel prize-winning studies and all are designed to develop skills essential in modern research.

	:[http://physics.berkeley.edu/ Physics Department home page]		:[http://physics.berkeley.edu/ Physics Department home page]
-	'''<LI>NOTE 1: <b>All students come to	+
		+	'''<LI>NOTE 1: <b>All students log into bSpace and go to the Section Quiz and Survey, Complete the Signature Card then submit it, before you come to the Lab. You must complete this before starting anything in the Lab.b>
		+
		+
		+	'''<LI>NOTE 2: <b>All students come to
	the introduction meeting on the 1st Day of Class in 251 LeConte Hall at 1:00 PM.</b>		the introduction meeting on the 1st Day of Class in 251 LeConte Hall at 1:00 PM.</b>
-	<LI>NOTE 2: Each student must have available your picture on	+	<LI>NOTE 3: Each student must have available your picture on
	the Univeristy of California at Berkeley's bSpace site. If NOT you must then bring a PASSPORT PHOTO of themselves to turn in (not an actual passport but an actual passport photo) on the 1st day of Lab for security purposes.		the Univeristy of California at Berkeley's bSpace site. If NOT you must then bring a PASSPORT PHOTO of themselves to turn in (not an actual passport but an actual passport photo) on the 1st day of Lab for security purposes.
-	<LI>NOTE 3: <font color="Red">All Advanced Lab Students are required to do the [http://www.advancedlab.org/mediawiki/index.php/Error_Analysis_Notes Error Analysis Lab]	+	<LI>NOTE 4: <font color="Red">All Advanced Lab Students are required to do the [http://www.advancedlab.org/mediawiki/index.php/Error_Analysis_Notes Error Analysis Lab]
	within the 1st week.'''</font>		within the 1st week.'''</font>

	=About This Wiki=		=About This Wiki=
-	This site supplements the main [http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~phylabs/ course web site] by providing the lab manual for each experiment in the Physics 111 Advanced Applied Laboratory. Each link in the "Advanced Lab Experiments" sidebar to the left leads to Wiki pages containing a guide to the experiment, including ~~pre~~-~~lab assignments~~, references, theory, and instructions.	+	This site supplements the main [http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~phylabs/ 111-Lab course web site] by providing the lab manual for each experiment in the Physics 111 Advanced Applied Laboratory. Each link in the "Advanced Lab Experiments" sidebar to the left leads to Wiki pages containing a guide to the experiment, including Pre-Lab Questions, references, theory, and instructions.

	==For students currently enrolled in the course==		==For students currently enrolled in the course==

Atomic Physics

DonaldJ — Wed, 01 Sep 2010 23:21:57 GMT

Prerequisite Reading Materials:

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:21, 1 September 2010
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	=Before The Lab=		=Before The Lab=

-	View the [http://128.32.210.103/atomic-physics/ATM-THEORY-ONLY.wmv Atomic Theory Video], [http://128.32.210.103/atomic-physics/BALMER.wmv Balmer Series Video],and the [http://128.32.210.103/atomic-physics/zeeman.wmv Zeeman Effect Video], discuss the pre-lab questions with an instructor, and ~~have~~ the [[Media:ATM_SignOff.pdf\|ATM Pre Lab Questions and Staff Sign Off Sheets]].....PRINT, FILL THIS OUT, Get signed off, Then Turn it in with your report.	+	View the [http://128.32.210.103/atomic-physics/ATM-THEORY-ONLY.wmv Atomic Theory Video], [http://128.32.210.103/atomic-physics/BALMER.wmv Balmer Series Video],and the [http://128.32.210.103/atomic-physics/zeeman.wmv Zeeman Effect Video], discuss the pre-lab questions with an instructor, and
		+	<P>complete the [[Media:ATM_SignOff.pdf\|ATM Pre Lab Questions and Staff Sign Off Sheets]].....PRINT, FILL THIS OUT, Get signed off, Then Turn it in with your report. </P>


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	=Prerequisite Reading Materials=		=Prerequisite Reading Materials=

-	'''Index to the 111-LAB Reprints:''' [http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/ATM/00_ATM_List.pdf]	+	'''Index to the 111-LAB Reprints:''' [http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/ATM/00_ATM_List.pdf ATM Reprints]

	1. Herzberg, Gerhard. ''[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/ATM/02-Atomic_Spectra_and_Atomic_Structure.pdf Atomic Spectra & Atomic Structure]'', Dower Publisher, 1944, New York. Preface pg. 1-257. \#QC451.H43; This is an old text, but gives a good perspective on how the theory developed.		1. Herzberg, Gerhard. ''[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Reprints/ATM/02-Atomic_Spectra_and_Atomic_Structure.pdf Atomic Spectra & Atomic Structure]'', Dower Publisher, 1944, New York. Preface pg. 1-257. \#QC451.H43; This is an old text, but gives a good perspective on how the theory developed.

Theory and Background

DonaldJ — Wed, 01 Sep 2010 18:55:44 GMT

Prerequiste Reading Materials:

Show changes

Beta Ray Computer Programs

DonaldJ — Wed, 01 Sep 2010 18:22:20 GMT

The Beta Ray Scan Program::

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	Your data will be saved on the 111-Lab server backed up every night by the campus. Data is saved in your own home directory in \\Atlas2\redirect$\your_Directory_name\My Documents\LabVIEW Data\then either "BRA DataXX" or Single PointXX" .		Your data will be saved on the 111-Lab server backed up every night by the campus. Data is saved in your own home directory in \\Atlas2\redirect$\your_Directory_name\My Documents\LabVIEW Data\then either "BRA DataXX" or Single PointXX" .

-	(Note if you ~~are going to~~ use ~~the Analyze Program~~ for ~~analysis~~, ~~use only 8 letters or Characters max, no Spaces~~)	+	Note you should use Matlab for all your data anlaysis. We have written scripts to help you in you anlaysis. Keep your file names short and desciptive, eg; dataup-1 ending in (.dat), then your data can be read by many other program editors for any changes needed.

-	The two programs are located on the your desktop. Now at this time please do not run and excute both prgrams at the same time. They will stop working.	+	The two programs are located on the your desktop. Now at this time please do not run and excute both prgrams at the same time. They will stop working. Do not close them either, just stop them.

-	After you have started Beta-Ray Scan, you will be asked if you want to save the data that you will be taking. If you choose not to save the data, the data will only be plotted. If you choose to save the data, you will be asked for a file name with the Base File Path as LabVIEW ~~Dta~~\BRA Data or Single Point. The program will save raw data points as they are gathered with the file paths:	+	After you have started Beta-Ray Scan, you will be asked if you want to save the data that you will be taking. If you choose not to save the data, the data will only be plotted. If you choose to save the data, you will be asked for a file name with the Base File Path as LabVIEW Data\BRA Data or Single Point. The program will save raw data points as they are gathered with the file paths:

	'''[Base File Path] DOWN data (Raw Data Run # [Run #]).xls'''		'''[Base File Path] DOWN data (Raw Data Run # [Run #]).xls'''
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	<math>\left(x_{i},y_{i}\right)\rightarrow\left(\sqrt{x_{i}^{2}+1}-1,\sqrt{\frac{y_{i}}{x_{i}^{2}\cdot F\left(Z,x_{i}\right)}}\right)</math>		<math>\left(x_{i},y_{i}\right)\rightarrow\left(\sqrt{x_{i}^{2}+1}-1,\sqrt{\frac{y_{i}}{x_{i}^{2}\cdot F\left(Z,x_{i}\right)}}\right)</math>

-	where <math>F \left ( Z, x_{i} \right )</math> is the Quantum-mechanical correction for coulomb effects on the beta-particle as it leaves the parent atom. <math>F \left ( Z, x_{i} \right )</math> is calculated using the Bethe-Bacher approximation but the screening effect [ref 3 §12] is neglected (to see why, you should calculate the size of this effect for Cs<sup>137</sup>). This transformation assumes that the x-axis is momentum and has been calibrated in units of <math>m_{e} c</math>. The resulting x-axis is then kinetic energy in units of <math>m_{e}c^{2}</math>. If the input DataSet begins with negative momenta, ''~~Analyze~~'' will ~~skip ahead until it finds the first non-negative abscissa~~ and begin processing ~~there~~.	+	where <math>F \left ( Z, x_{i} \right )</math> is the Quantum-mechanical correction for coulomb effects on the beta-particle as it leaves the parent atom. <math>F \left ( Z, x_{i} \right )</math> is calculated using the Bethe-Bacher approximation but the screening effect [ref 3 §12] is neglected (to see why, you should calculate the size of this effect for Cs<sup>137</sup>). This transformation assumes that the x-axis is momentum and has been calibrated in units of <math>m_{e} c</math>. The resulting x-axis is then kinetic energy in units of <math>m_{e}c^{2}</math>. If the input DataSet begins with negative momenta, ''Matlab'' will handle this information and begin processing data.

	==Inverse Fermi-Kurie Transform==		==Inverse Fermi-Kurie Transform==

Theory and Background

DonaldJ — Wed, 01 Sep 2010 18:13:08 GMT

Set the signal and discriminator levels:

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	\|}		\|}

-	The spectrometer is a 'C'-shaped vacuum chamber with magnet coils on top and bottom to produce a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the radius of the chamber and perpendicular to the plane of the 'C'. A source of <sup>137</sup>Cs is permanently mounted inside the chamber at one end of a rod see Figure 3a in the 'C' diagram, and the detector (see details in Figure 3b) is mounted at the other end through a slit with plastic scintillator then a ~~6555~~ PMT.	+	The spectrometer is a 'C'-shaped vacuum chamber with magnet coils on top and bottom to produce a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the radius of the chamber and perpendicular to the plane of the 'C'. A source of <sup>137</sup>Cs is permanently mounted inside the chamber at one end of a rod see Figure 3a in the 'C' diagram, and the detector (see details in Figure 3b) is mounted at the other end through a slit with plastic scintillator then a 6655A PMT.
	{\|border="1" align="center"		{\|border="1" align="center"
	\|-		\|-
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	==Photomultiplier Tube diagram==		==Photomultiplier Tube diagram==

-	(See ~~Also~~ the RCA Photomultiplier Tube Handbook in the Physics Library)	+	(See the RCA Photomultiplier Tube Handbook in the Physics Library)[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Equipment_Manuals/RCA_PMT.pdf Photo-multiplier tube Handbook]‡ (Note this is a separate reprint booklet)

		+	<P>We use a 6655A PMT for photon counting.</P>
	A Photomultiplier tube is a photon detector that converts single photons into large pulses of electric current by successive multiplying stages.		A Photomultiplier tube is a photon detector that converts single photons into large pulses of electric current by successive multiplying stages.

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	=Procedure=		=Procedure=

-	First read ~~VI.~~ [[Beta Ray Computer Programs]] describing the operation of the computer data-acquisition program, ~~so you know how to set~~ the current in the magnet to ~~any~~ value ~~you wish~~.	+	First read and be familiar with the LabView [[Beta Ray Computer Programs]] describing the operation of the computer data-acquisition program, the current in the magnet can only be set to a value by this program which control the DAQ card and the taken of data.

	==Set the signal and discriminator levels==		==Set the signal and discriminator levels==
-	# Familiarize yourself with the relationship between PMT voltage, amplifier gain, and pulse height: Consult the block diagram of the apparatus ([[media:BRAimage010.gif]]) and connect the output of the linear amplifier to channel 1 of the oscilloscope. The signal path is PMT to current PREAMP to AMP to a 2 second (-DELAY-LINE BOX to SCOPE (when the scope is triggering internally, the delay-line has no effect, but you will need it later to delay the main pulse). Start with SCOPE parameters of CH 1, 0.2V, 2 (sec/div, CH 1 TRIG, and the Tran-L-Amp Amplifier settings DIFF DL .8, INT 2, GAIN 16. Referring to a sample spectrum, set the coil current (Use the bin setting on the Integrate Single Point program) to a bin corresponding to a high count rate, (the K peak). Observing the signal on the SCOPE, gradually turn up the high voltage (negative polarity) on the photo-multiplier (PMT) until an operating voltage of -800 to -1100 volts maximum is reached. You should see many pulses of various heights. Vary the PMT voltage (always between -800 and -1100V max) and the amplifier gain and observe the effects on the signal gain and noise. Change the coil current to various points on the spectrum and observe how the intensity and height of the pulses change. Note what you see. Remember that you are trying for a maximum signal-to-noise in the pulses. Set the coil current to approximately 0 amps (bin 0) and observe the signal. Theoretically, there should be no signal at zero field. What do you see, and what can you conclude about the nature of the noise in this experiment?	+
-	# Familiarize yourself with the operation of the SCA: The normal operation of a PMT will result in small-amplitude noise pulses. We want to use the discriminator on the SCA to reduce or eliminate the noise, permitting the signal pulses which are larger in amplitude to be passed and recorded. Connect the Tran-L-Amp linear amplifier to the SCA and the rest of the circuit elements as shown in Figure 3, apparatus ([[media:BRAimage010.gif]]. Switch the SCOPE to EXT trigger. Now the scope is only displaying pulses that pass the SCA, and the 2 ~~second~~ (-DELAY-LINE compensates for the SCA's transit time. [[Image:BRAimage015.jpg\|thumb\|center\|320px\|'''Figure 4a''']]	+
-	# With the Single Point Program, find a bin that corresponds to a high count on the sample spectrum. This program is a one part of two of the Beta Ray Scan Program Utilities, [[Beta Ray Computer Programs]]. Refer to that section now. Start with the SCA upper-level threshold (UL) set to 10 and the lower-level (LL) set to 0. There should be no signal displayed on the SCOPE. Increase the LL until a signal appears on the scope, this is the minimum LL setting you may use (approx. 0.36), the SCA will not operate properly at a lower setting. Now increase LL well past this setting and observe the output on the scope	+
		+	# Familiarize yourself with the relationship between PMT voltage with a maximum of -1100 VDC, amplifier gain, and pulse height: Consult the block diagram of the apparatus ([[media:BRAimage010.gif]]) and connect the output of the linear amplifier to channel 1 of the oscilloscope. The signal path is PMT to current PREAMP to AMP to a 2 second (-DELAY-LINE BOX to SCOPE (when the scope is triggering internally, the delay-line has no effect, but you will need it later to delay the main pulse). Start with SCOPE parameters of CH 1, 0.2V, 2 (sec/div, CH 1 TRIG, and the Tran-L-Amp Amplifier settings DIFF DL .8, INT 2, GAIN 16. Referring to a sample spectrum, set the coil current (Use the bin setting on the Integrate Single Point program) to a bin corresponding to a high count rate, (the K peak). Observing the signal on the SCOPE, gradually turn up the high voltage (negative polarity) on the photo-multiplier (PMT) until an operating voltage of -800 to -1100 volts maximum is reached. You should see many pulses of various heights. Vary the PMT voltage (always between -800 and -1100V max) and the amplifier gain and observe the effects on the signal gain and noise. Change the coil current to various points on the spectrum and observe how the intensity and height of the pulses change. Note what you see. Remember that you are trying for a maximum signal-to-noise in the pulses. Set the coil current to approximately 0 amps (bin 0) and observe the signal. Theoretically, there should be no signal at zero field. What do you see, and what can you conclude about the nature of the noise in this experiment?
		+	You will need to use the "Signal Point Scan" for this part before seeing any signals from the appartatus.
		+	Refer to section setup of the Signal Point Scan [http://www.advancedlab.org/mediawiki/index.php/Beta_Ray_Computer_Programs#The_integrate_single_point_program: Signal Point Scan]
		+	# Familiarize yourself with the operation of the SCA: The normal operation of a PMT will result in small-amplitude noise pulses. We want to use the discriminator on the SCA to reduce or eliminate the noise, permitting the signal pulses which are larger in amplitude to be passed and recorded. You can adjust the LLD Lower Level Discriminator or Baseline control to remove the noise line below the pulses. Connect the Tran-L-Amp linear amplifier to the SCA and the rest of the circuit elements as shown in Figure 3, apparatus ([[media:BRAimage010.gif]]. Switch the SCOPE to EXT trigger. Now the scope is only displaying pulses that pass the SCA, and the 2 microsecond (-DELAY-LINE compensates for the SCA's signal transit time. [[Image:BRAimage015.jpg\|thumb\|center\|320px\|'''Figure 4a''']]
		+	# With the Single Point Program, find a bin that corresponds to a high count on the sample spectrum. This program is a one part of two of the Beta Ray Scan Program Utilities, [[Beta Ray Computer Programs]]. Refer to that section now. Start with the SCA upper-level threshold (UL) set to 10 and the lower-level (LL) set to 0. There should be little or no signal displayed on the SCOPE. Increase the LL until a signal appears on the scope, this is the minimum LL setting you may use (approx. 0.36), the SCA will not operate properly at a lower setting. Now increase LL well past this setting and observe the output on the scope
	#You should see something similar to figure 4.a. In this case, most of the low voltage noise signals are passing through the discriminator and registering as counts on the computer. Now, by slowly increasing the LL (Lower Level) setting, you should be able to obtain an output similar to Figure 4.b. In this picture the lower line and a few of the lower voltage pulses beneath the brightest pulse have been eliminated. This effectively eliminates most of the PMT noise as well as some of the lower momentum pulses..[[Image:BRAimage016.jpg\|thumb\|center\|320px\|'''Figure 4b''']]		#You should see something similar to figure 4.a. In this case, most of the low voltage noise signals are passing through the discriminator and registering as counts on the computer. Now, by slowly increasing the LL (Lower Level) setting, you should be able to obtain an output similar to Figure 4.b. In this picture the lower line and a few of the lower voltage pulses beneath the brightest pulse have been eliminated. This effectively eliminates most of the PMT noise as well as some of the lower momentum pulses..[[Image:BRAimage016.jpg\|thumb\|center\|320px\|'''Figure 4b''']]
	# The object is to set the LL high enough to eliminate small-amplitude PMT noise while preserving as much of the low-momentum data as you can.[[Image:BRAimage017.jpg\|thumb\|center\|320px\|'''Figure 4c''']]		# The object is to set the LL high enough to eliminate small-amplitude PMT noise while preserving as much of the low-momentum data as you can.[[Image:BRAimage017.jpg\|thumb\|center\|320px\|'''Figure 4c''']]
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	The current in the magnet is scanned up and down which equals one complete scan. The computer controls the past history of the scans so as to follow the same hysteresis curve every time every time. In adjusting scan parameters, it is more important to integrate for longer times, 60 seconds maximum, than it is to include every point in the spectrum. Print out copies of the scans. We are networked in the 111-LAB so you can choose where to print and what printer to use.		The current in the magnet is scanned up and down which equals one complete scan. The computer controls the past history of the scans so as to follow the same hysteresis curve every time every time. In adjusting scan parameters, it is more important to integrate for longer times, 60 seconds maximum, than it is to include every point in the spectrum. Print out copies of the scans. We are networked in the 111-LAB so you can choose where to print and what printer to use.
-

	=A few pointers about the Data Analysis=		=A few pointers about the Data Analysis=

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	<p>Watch the [http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~phylabs/adv/Video111-LAB.html Video OPT] for Optical Pumping,</P>		<p>Watch the [http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~phylabs/adv/Video111-LAB.html Video OPT] for Optical Pumping,</P>
-	<P>Complete the Pre-Lab questions [[Media:OPT_SignOff.pdf\|OPT and Staff Sign Off Sheets]].....PRINT out, FILL THIS OUT, Get Signed Off by Staff, then Turn it in with your report.</P>	+	<P>Complete the Pre-Lab questions [[Media:OPT_SignOff.pdf\|OPT and Staff Sign Off Sheets]].....PRINT out, FILL THIS OUT. Get Signed Off by Staff, then Turn it in with your report.</P>
	<P>Reprints and other information can be found on the [http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/ Physics 111 Library Site]</P>		<P>Reprints and other information can be found on the [http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/ Physics 111 Library Site]</P>

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	=Introduction=		=Introduction=
-	Measuring the energy levels of atomic, molecular, nuclear, and particle systems is a large part of experimental physics. The technique of optical pumping is used to measure atomic energy ~~level differences~~ with great precision. This experiment uses optical pumping to measure the splitting of rubidium atomic energy levels when Rb atoms are placed in a magnetic field. It is so easy to make these measurements that you can use the opportunity to consolidate what you know and understand about atomic physics and quantum mechanics. You can get a solid appreciation of physics and how elegant it is from this simple experiment. It also gives you an idea of how grubby an actual laboratory set up is compared to how slick the physics looks in a textbook.	+	Measuring the energy levels of atomic, molecular, nuclear, and particle systems is a large part of experimental physics. The technique of optical pumping is used to measure the difference between the atomic energy levels with great precision. This experiment uses optical pumping to measure the splitting of the rubidium atomic energy levels when the Rb atoms are placed in a magnetic field. It is so easy to make these measurements that you can use the opportunity to consolidate what you know and understand about atomic physics and quantum mechanics. You can get a solid appreciation of the physics and how elegant it is from this simple experiment. It also gives you an idea of how grubby an actual laboratory set up is compared to how slick the physics looks in a textbook.

-	Your goal in this lab is to find the resonance frequencies, and thereby measure the Zeeman splitting, of Rb<sup>85</sup> and Rb<sup>87</sup> for various magnetic field strengths. From this, you will then determine the nuclear spins of ~~the~~ isotopes and the strength of the Earth’s magnetic field.	+	Your goal in this lab is to find the resonance frequencies, and thereby measure the Zeeman splitting, of Rb<sup>85</sup> and Rb<sup>87</sup> for various magnetic field strengths. From this, you will then determine the nuclear spins of these isotopes and the strength of the Earth’s magnetic field.

	=Prerequisite Reading Materials=		=Prerequisite Reading Materials=
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-	#Look over the block diagram ('''''Figure 1''''') and check the connections of the equipment carefully (you need not hook up the oscilloscope or the [[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Equipment_Manuals/SRS/DS345m.pdf DS345]] yet). Make sure you understand what each unit does and that you know the ~~equipment~~ limitations (e.g. don’t run the coil current higher than 3 ~~amps~~; be sure to understand how the voltmeter and shunt gives you precision current measurements; don’t drive the RF at more than 5 ~~volts~~; don’t heat the bulb over 50<sup>o</sup> C; etc.) Inspect and open carefully the Rb light box to see its construction. Can you explain how the Rb lamp works? Be particularly careful of the D1 pass filter. It is expensive to replace! All pieces in this unit are already in their proper places. The large bulb filled with Rb<sup>85</sup> and Rb<sup>87</sup> should be in the light box. You should use ~~many~~ different ~~type~~ of bulbs ~~may need~~ to check the ~~other Optical pumping~~ experiment. The ratio of ~~Rb in~~ the ~~bulb~~ mirrors the natural ratio. [[Image:OPTimage001.gif\|thumb\|center\|650px\|'''Figure 1:''' ~~Equipment~~ Block ~~Diagram~~]]	+	#Look over the block diagram ('''''Figure 1''''') and check the connections of the equipment carefully (you need not hook up the oscilloscope or the [[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Equipment_Manuals/SRS/DS345m.pdf DS345]] yet). Make sure you understand what each unit does and that you know the limitations of the equipment (e.g. don’t run the coil current higher than 3 A; be sure to understand how the voltmeter and shunt gives you precision current measurements; don’t drive the RF at more than 5 V; don’t heat the bulb over 50<sup>o</sup> C; etc.) Inspect and open carefully the Rb light box to see its construction. Can you explain how the Rb lamp works? Be particularly careful of the D1 pass filter. It is expensive to replace! All pieces in this unit are already in their proper places. The large bulb filled with Rb<sup>85</sup> and Rb<sup>87</sup> should be in the light box. You should use different types of Rb bulbs to check the experiment if needed. The ratio of the two isotopes in bulbs containing Rb<sup>85</sup> and Rb<sup>87</sup> mirrors the natural ratio. [[Image:OPTimage001.gif\|thumb\|center\|650px\|'''Figure 1:''' Block diagram of Equipment]]
	#Warning: '''Never turn off the plug strip power if any of the equipment is powered up.''' Turn on all of the equipment, starting with the System switch (lower right hand corner of the Coil Driver Panel). Set the Rubidium Supply Output Current for the Rb lamp to approximately 25 milliamperes using the Adjust Knob. (Like much of the experimental apparatus, the Rb lamps at the two Optical Pumping stations are not identical; one may require a higher current to light the lamp at station 2 [perhaps 30 milliamps].)[[Image:OPTimage002.jpg\|thumb\|center\|240px\|'''Figure 2:''' SR560 Amplifier]]		#Warning: '''Never turn off the plug strip power if any of the equipment is powered up.''' Turn on all of the equipment, starting with the System switch (lower right hand corner of the Coil Driver Panel). Set the Rubidium Supply Output Current for the Rb lamp to approximately 25 milliamperes using the Adjust Knob. (Like much of the experimental apparatus, the Rb lamps at the two Optical Pumping stations are not identical; one may require a higher current to light the lamp at station 2 [perhaps 30 milliamps].)[[Image:OPTimage002.jpg\|thumb\|center\|240px\|'''Figure 2:''' SR560 Amplifier]]
	#When you turn on the [[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Equipment_Manuals/SRS/SR560m.pdf SR560 Voltage PRE-AMP]] make sure that the INPUT ‘A’ is selected, the DC/GND/AC button is set to the AC position. To start, set the Gain to 500, LF Roll-off to 0.1 Hz, and the HF Roll-off to 10 KHz. You may have to change some settings to make your signal clear. Also note that if you suddenly lose your signal, i.e. if your scope trace goes to a flat-line, you should press the OL REC (OverLoad RECovery) button. The SR560 requires you to adjust the dynamic reserve and the filter roll-off; set the gain mode to low noise and the roll off to 6 dB per octave for both the high and low pass filters.		#When you turn on the [[http://physics111.lib.berkeley.edu/Physics111/Equipment_Manuals/SRS/SR560m.pdf SR560 Voltage PRE-AMP]] make sure that the INPUT ‘A’ is selected, the DC/GND/AC button is set to the AC position. To start, set the Gain to 500, LF Roll-off to 0.1 Hz, and the HF Roll-off to 10 KHz. You may have to change some settings to make your signal clear. Also note that if you suddenly lose your signal, i.e. if your scope trace goes to a flat-line, you should press the OL REC (OverLoad RECovery) button. The SR560 requires you to adjust the dynamic reserve and the filter roll-off; set the gain mode to low noise and the roll off to 6 dB per octave for both the high and low pass filters.